{"id":103131,"date":"2023-02-09T18:14:43","date_gmt":"2023-02-09T18:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/?post_type=metro_viewpoint&#038;p=103131"},"modified":"2023-02-13T16:54:18","modified_gmt":"2023-02-13T16:54:18","slug":"david-gissen-on-constructing-an-architecture-of-disability","status":"publish","type":"metro_viewpoint","link":"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/viewpoints\/david-gissen-on-constructing-an-architecture-of-disability\/","title":{"rendered":"David Gissen on Constructing an Architecture of Disability"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-sandow-article-header article-header\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-header\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-04-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"image of a makeshift service elevator climbing the rock face of the acropolis\" class=\"wp-image-103135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-04-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-04-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-04-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-04-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-04-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-04-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Elevator on the north face of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece. The photograph shows a small, boxlike elevator cab as it rises along a thin metal rail attached to the rocky and rugged cliff face of the Acropolis before finally reaching the cantilevered arrival platform at the top. A single figure can be seen inside the elevator cab. Photograph by Anton Kudelin, 2019.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group article-header_intro none\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><p class=\"article-date\" aria-label=\"Post Date\">February 9, 2023<\/p>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"size-large wp-block-heading\">David Gissen on Constructing an Architecture of Disability<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column article-header_meta is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"summary size-regular\">The designer, historian, and educator speaks with <em>Metropolis <\/em>about his new book and the importance of centering disability in design practice and education. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-sandow-byline byline size-regular\"><span>By: <\/span><a href=\"\/tag\/jaxson-leilah-stone\">Jaxson Leilah Stone<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"social-share\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fmetropolismag.com%2Fviewpoints%2Fdavid-gissen-on-constructing-an-architecture-of-disability%2F\" target=\"_blank\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmetropolismag.com%2Fviewpoints%2Fdavid-gissen-on-constructing-an-architecture-of-disability%2F\" target=\"_blank\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5c0 1.381-1.11 2.5-2.48 2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmetropolismag.com%2Fviewpoints%2Fdavid-gissen-on-constructing-an-architecture-of-disability%2F&#038;description=David+Gissen+on+Constructing+an+Architecture+of+Disability\" target=\"_blank\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"> <path d=\"M12 0c-6.627 0-12 5.372-12 12 0 5.084 3.163 9.426 7.627 11.174-.105-.949-.2-2.405.042-3.441.218-.937 1.407-5.965 1.407-5.965s-.359-.719-.359-1.782c0-1.668.967-2.914 2.171-2.914 1.023 0 1.518.769 1.518 1.69 0 1.029-.655 2.568-.994 3.995-.283 1.194.599 2.169 1.777 2.169 2.133 0 3.772-2.249 3.772-5.495 0-2.873-2.064-4.882-5.012-4.882-3.414 0-5.418 2.561-5.418 5.207 0 1.031.397 2.138.893 2.738.098.119.112.224.083.345l-.333 1.36c-.053.22-.174.267-.402.161-1.499-.698-2.436-2.889-2.436-4.649 0-3.785 2.75-7.262 7.929-7.262 4.163 0 7.398 2.967 7.398 6.931 0 4.136-2.607 7.464-6.227 7.464-1.216 0-2.359-.631-2.75-1.378l-.748 2.853c-.271 1.043-1.002 2.35-1.492 3.146 1.124.347 2.317.535 3.554.535 6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12 0-6.628-5.373-12-12-12z\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" \/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"mailto:?body=https%3A%2F%2Fmetropolismag.com%2Fviewpoints%2Fdavid-gissen-on-constructing-an-architecture-of-disability%2F&#038;subject=David+Gissen+on+Constructing+an+Architecture+of+Disability\" target=\"_blank\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M12 12.713l-11.985-9.713h23.97l-11.985 9.713zm0 2.574l-12-9.725v15.438h24v-15.438l-12 9.725z\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column empty-header-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column article-header_meta is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Architecture of Disability<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\">When it comes to the intersection of disability and architecture, the issue of <a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/tag\/accessible-design\/\">accessibility<\/a> dominates the conversation. <a href=\"https:\/\/davidgissen.org\/\">David Gissen<\/a>, a disabled designer, historian, and professor at Parsons School of Design, writes in his new book <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upress.umn.edu\/book-division\/books\/the-architecture-of-disability\">The Architecture of Disability: Buildings, Cities, and Landscapes Beyond Access<\/a><\/em>, \u201cMany contemporary explorations of architecture and disability focus almost exclusively on the pursuit of access: how it is achieved and how people with disabilities can be better accommodated.\u201d Yet, Gissen notes, these \u201caccessible\u201d design strategies are \u201cultimately belittling of disabled people like me.\u201d Why is successful accessible design so rare, and more importantly, how can architects and designers better accommodate the wide range of human ability?\u202f\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column article-header_content is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/gissen_architecture-662x1024.jpg\" alt=\"a book over with the title: &quot;The Architecture of disability: buildings, cities, and landscapes beyond access&quot; by David Gissen\" class=\"wp-image-103132\" width=\"300\" height=\"464\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Architecture of Disability: Buildings, Cities, and Landscapes Beyond Access \n\nBy David Gissen \n\nUniversity of Minnesota Press, 2023 <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group none\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"size-regular\">Take, for example, the elevator system at the Acropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that remained largely inaccessible until 2004\u2013\u2013when Athens hosted the Olympic Games and modified construction elevators were installed on the citadel\u2019s north face. In 2019, however, the elevators faced mechanical issues, forcing the parents of children in wheelchairs to carry both the children and chairs all the way up to the summit. It wasn\u2019t until a couple of years ago that the Acropolis Restoration Service completed plans to make the elevators a permanent fixture. Just looking at the steep incline, it appears almost as if folks with mobility impairments simply never visited the Acropolis. But this isn\u2019t true. Gissen points out that ancient Athenians would have ascended to the Parthenon and other buildings via a series of ramps (which were destroyed in the first century CE), supporting an argument that the site might have actually been <em>more <\/em>accessible to disabled visitors in the past than in its present-day condition.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\">From the Acropolis to the American wilderness, Gissen dives into the artificial character of historic sites and landscapes, asking questions such as, Is nature innately inaccessible? Does accessible design contradict the authenticity of historical preservation? Do all people have an equal right to the city? Along the way he argues that \u201cdisability activism has the capacity to uncover and foster a deeper and more complex history beyond the problems of access to space itself.\u201d\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\">\u202fBy recontextualizing the histories, theories, and practices of architecture through the lens of disability justice, Gissen places impairment at the heart of the built environment\u2013\u2013rather than addressing access as an afterthought. \u201cI want to foster practices in my discipline that emerge through impairments, not despite or as an accommodation to them,\u201d Gissen writes, adding \u201cThe goal for disabled people is not just to enter practice but to change it.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Conversation with David Gissen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\"><em>Metropolis<\/em> spoke with Gissen about how conversations around disability and access are taking shape in design school, and what he\u2019s learned from writing his book.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" src=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-11.jpg\" alt=\"image of trees being propped up with red supports\" class=\"wp-image-103136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-11.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-11-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-11-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-11-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-11-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 11: Detail of tree support, Salon de Pinos, Madrid, Spain, 2009. Photograph copyright Jeroen Musch.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\"><strong>Jaxson Leilah Stone: <\/strong>In the introduction to the book, you describe your experience as a graduate student, writing, \u201cI was often told by my professors that I should consider focusing on the architecture \u2018problems\u2019 of \u2018people like me.\u2019\u201d I think this is a relatable sentiment for a lot of minority groups in design school\u2014the idea that disabled designers should be focusing on <a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/profiles\/studio-pacifica-ada-at-30\/\">accessibility<\/a>, LGBTQ+ designers should be \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/viewpoints\/what-is-queer-space-2\/\">queering space<\/a>,\u201d Black designers should be leading the efforts in decolonizing design. I\u2019m curious, are you seeing some of your concerns and critiques mirrored in the design studios you teach today? What kind of conversations are you having with your students?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\"><strong>David Gissen: <\/strong>It is terrific that there are more and more projects engaged with disabled people. In addition to making projects about disability, I think it&#8217;s important for our disciplines to ask how we can better recruit, train, and give opportunities to disabled designers. I have never attended nor taught at an architecture school that would be an easy place for a disabled student. This includes the barriers presented by admissions committees and who often wonder whether disabled applicants to their programs can meet the &#8220;demands&#8221; of design education. It also, of course, includes the facilities where we educate future architects. Many of the most important architecture schools in the U.S. have facilities that disabled students, faculty, and staff cannot fully use. I am teaching as a visitor at Columbia University this semester, and I am surprised that a university that receives so much federal money (whether in the form of subsidizing of loans or more directly) can have an entire campus that is so menacing to its students and employees.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\">As a disabled faculty member and a life-long architectural educator, I center my impairments in my teaching: I am less concerned if my studios or courses engage the topic of disability, though I like to do that for some courses. Rather, I want to make sure that disability is an origin point in my methods and teaching. For example, in my studios, my students are encouraged to have critiques that are &#8220;place downs&#8221; rather than &#8220;pin-ups.&#8221; In my lecture courses, students often can experience my lectures in different formats\u2014audio, visual essays, or texts. In a studio that I taught last semester, we examined the history and future of the &#8220;one-story city&#8221;\u2014here in New York and elsewhere. All of this lowers the physical and cognitive intensity of design education. I hope it makes a better place for my students to explore their work and that it changes the institutions where I teach.\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1992\" src=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-22.jpg\" alt=\"a thermography of a human body\" class=\"wp-image-103137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-22.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-22-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-22-1024x1020.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-22-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-22-768x765.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-22-1536x1530.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Thermography of David Gissen by Philippe Rahm, 2019. This thermographic portrait of me was made in collaboration with the architect Philippe Rahm. The thermographic image captures the heat outline of my body underneath my clothes and reveals that I wear a full-length prosthesis on my left side. It demonstrates the heat-insulating property of artificial limbs, as my residual limb extends down to midcalf but can barely be seen in the image.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\"><strong>JLS:<\/strong> In the book, you describe Walter Benjamin\u2019s flaneur and the Situationist concept of the <em>d\u00e9rive <\/em>(drift), pointing out that they seemingly leave little room for the experiences of disability. You go onto say that \u201cwandering behavior\u201d\u2014a derogatorily characterized feature of autism\u2014might be destigmatized if seen through these concepts. As someone on the autism spectrum, I found this fascinating. Since writing, have you thought more about how neurodivergent folks fit into your thesis?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\"><strong>DG: <\/strong>First, one of the things that I love about the reception of my book is that it gives an opportunity for people to discuss their own experiences with their impairments. That is very important and an unexpected outcome of this book.\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\">As for the book and its engagements with these topics, <em>The Architecture of Disability<\/em> primarily explores the relationship between architecture and cognitive disability through the topic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is very important to the history of architecture\u2014from efforts to engage veterans after World War I to\u202fpresent forms of &#8220;post-traumatic&#8221; urbanism.\u202fI don&#8217;t usually talk about this because cognitive disabilities can be so stigmatizing, but this topic is personal for me as I struggle with PTSD. Most pediatric cancer survivors do. We all survived intensive, often brutal chemotherapy regimens as well as numerous operations, and this all has its impacts.\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\">As an author and educator, I find the writing of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4008788\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kurt Goldstein<\/a> very inspiring when thinking about PTSD. He was a German neurologist who escaped Nazi Germany to the U.S., taught at The New School and then at Harvard. He studied World War I veterans who were considered to have untreatable &#8220;shell shock,&#8221; finding that these veterans could manage their PTSD by reconstructing or &#8220;debating&#8221; (to use his term) their environments. What he meant was that people with PTSD (among other disabilities) are constantly constructing their surrounding conditions as a way to manage their impairments. This might involve how we change sound and light, among other factors. This rang very true to me. His key argument was that cognitive disabilities were relative to environment and could never be fully quantified or known by researchers who study patients in isolation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\">As far as more specific developmental disabilities, I am very sensitive about speaking for those with developmental disabilities. In the publishing context for example, many of the key books on developmental disabilities, and that are oft-quoted in a disability studies context, are written by the <em>parents<\/em> of people with developmental disabilities. At the risk of offending these authors, this disturbs me\u2014I hated what my own parents wrote about my experiences as a disabled person!\u202fIf we are truly devoted to representing the perspective of those who don&#8217;t have easy access to publishing or designing their world view, then we must blow open our disciplines&#8217; ways of working, writing, and representing self-hood to project and amplify their perspectives.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1964\" src=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-02-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"an image of an architectural model \" class=\"wp-image-103138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-02-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-02-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-02-1024x785.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-02-768x589.jpg 768w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-02-1536x1178.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/ump-gissen-figure-02-2048x1571.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanley Tigerman, model of Garage Building, Illinois Regional Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Chicago, 1976. The photograph shows an architectural model on a wooden base. The facade of the building resembles both the side of a car and a human face. The \u201ceyes\u201d of the building\u2019s facade are closed, and the \u201cnose\u201d is shown as a window, allowing light into the interior. The architect of this project is negotiating representations of mobility, humanness, and architectural anthropomorphism in a design for disabled people. Courtesy of Tigerman McCurry Architects and ArtResource.\n\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\"><strong>JLS: <\/strong>What shocked you the most when working on this book?\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"size-regular\"><strong>DG: <\/strong>The most shocking thing I discovered when first researching this book was that over 75 percent of career construction workers in the U.S. become seriously and permanently impaired from their work. This is disturbing in so many ways and learning this shifted my perspective on the politics of architecture and disability\u2014away from questions of access to deeper questions regarding architecture&#8217;s role in histories of disability. I think the other surprise, though I wouldn&#8217;t say it was shocking, was that Adolf Loos was deaf. His deafness\u202fwas surprising, but even more, he really fashioned himself, and the aesthetics of a few of his projects around this impairment. He didn&#8217;t hide it in portraits of himself: He often represented himself as struggling to hear. He even played with the aesthetics of noise and hearing in a few works\u2014most notably the bedroom for himself with its fur and curtained interior.\u202f&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"comment size-regular\">Would you like to comment on this article? Send your thoughts to: <a href=\"mailto:comments@metropolismag.com\">comments@metropolismag.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"tag-cloud\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/domains\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Research<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n<ul class=\"tag-cloud\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/tag\/accessibility\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Accessibility<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/tag\/accessible-design\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">accessible design<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/tag\/books\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Books<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/tag\/david-gissen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">David Gissen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/tag\/disability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Disability<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/tag\/qa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Q&amp;A<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"post-cards__wrapper is-condensed-default columns-3 single-row\" data-type=\"metro_viewpoint metro_profile metro_project metro_product\" data-amount=\"3\" ><h3 class=\"section-title\">Related<\/h3><ul><li class=\"card__metro_profile\"><div class=\"post-cards__image\"><a class=\"post-cards__link\" href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/profiles\/alloy-decarbonizing-real-estate\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/copyright_laurianghinitoiu_alloy_press_15-1024x424.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"object-position: 50% 50%;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/copyright_laurianghinitoiu_alloy_press_15-1024x424.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/copyright_laurianghinitoiu_alloy_press_15-300x124.jpg 300w, https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/copyright_laurianghinitoiu_alloy_press_15-768x318.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"post-cards__content\"><p class=\"type\">Profiles<\/p><a class=\"post-cards__title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/profiles\/alloy-decarbonizing-real-estate\/\"><h4>How Alloy Aims to Decarbonize Real Estate<\/h4><\/a><p class=\"excerpt\">The developer behind New York City\u2019s first all-electric skyscraper and first Passive House public school shows us what the building industry could be.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li class=\"card__metro_project\"><div class=\"post-cards__image\"><a class=\"post-cards__link\" href=\"https:\/\/metropolismag.com\/projects\/taisugar-circular-village\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"662\" 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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1208,"featured_media":103135,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"featured_image_focal_point":[],"legacy_WP_ID":0},"tags":[2097,303,98,2903,2902,96],"metro_tax_domain":[11],"metro_tax_topic":[13,22],"metro_tax_program":[],"metro_issue":[],"metro_cat_viewpoint":[],"internal_flag":[],"class_list":["post-103131","metro_viewpoint","type-metro_viewpoint","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-accessibility","tag-accessible-design","tag-books","tag-david-gissen","tag-disability","tag-qa","metro_tax_domain-research","metro_tax_topic-architecture","metro_tax_topic-equity"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>David Gissen on Constructing an Architecture of Disability<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"David Gissen speaks with Metropolis about his new book and the importance of centering disability in 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